Freidal Craft Alkylation Acylation

Key Topics Covered

• Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: Details the reagents used for alkylation, such as RCl + AlCl_3, ROH + H+, and ROH + BF_3. The notes highlight that the mechanism involves carbocation generation, making it susceptible to rearrangements.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation: Explains the acylation process using $RCOCl + AlCl_3$ or $Ac_2O + AlCl_3$. Crucially, it points out that acylation does not undergo rearrangement and frequently uses nitrobenzene as a solvent.

Aromatic Halogenation: Covers chlorination and bromination using $X_2 + AlX_3$ and side-chain halogenation via $Cl_2/h\nu$. It notes that direct fluorination is impossible due to instability. The guide emphasizes that this reaction does not exhibit a primary kinetic isotope effect ($C_6H_6 \approx C_6D_6$).

Sulfonation: Discusses the use of concentrated $H_2SO_4$ and fuming sulfuric acid. Unlike halogenation, sulfonation steps are fully reversible and exhibit a primary kinetic isotope effect ($C_6H_6 > C_6D_6$).

Key Named Reactions: Includes the Gatterman-Koch reaction ($CO + HCl + AlCl_3$) and the Gatterman aldehyde synthesis ($HCN + HCl + AlCl_3$).