Microprocessor Programming – 8086 Architecture & Assembly Language

These notes cover the fundamentals of the 8086, a 16-bit microprocessor, exploring its architecture, register organization, pin functions, and memory segmentation. Students learn the complete program development cycle using editors, assemblers, linkers, and debuggers, along with essential assembler directives. A major focus is placed on the 8086 instruction set, covering arithmetic, logical, data transfer, and string operation instructions across various addressing modes. Practical sessions guide learners through writing assembly language programs (ALPs) for tasks like array sorting, string manipulation, BCD arithmetic, and number classification (odd/even, positive/negative). The course concludes with procedures and macros, teaching parameter-passing methods and reusable code techniques. Ideal for engineering students pursuing computer hardware, embedded systems, or firmware paths, this subject builds a strong foundation in low-level hardware-software interaction essential for hardware-level debugging and systems programming.